人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调性测度及优化——以南昌市为例

人口与土地是城镇化的重要组成部分,分析二者之间状态演化对促进城市健康发展具有重要意义。在界定人口城镇化与土地城镇化二者概念基础上,基于人口构成、人口素质、人口生活、城镇规模、城镇投入、城镇产出等构建评价指标体系,并通过耦合协调模型对省会型城市南昌市2002~2011年两者之间的协调关系进行测度和分析,结果表明：① 人口城镇化指数与土地城镇化指数呈波动变化并持续上涨,城镇发展由土地滞后型向人口滞后型转变;② 人口城镇化与土地城镇化的协调状态由失调衰退区向过渡协调区演进,发展类型则由高度不协调状态向勉强协调状态过渡。在此基础上分析了南昌市人口城镇化速度滞后于土地城镇化速度的原因,指出两者关系主要受到城市发展外在制度与内在基础的共同作用,并认为构建人口与土地城镇化双重优化路径是协调人口城镇化与土地城镇化同步发展的有效途径。     

城市生态——生产——生活空间功能定量识别与分析

土地利用多功能性识别是城市用地组织,协调与配置的基础信息源,是判定城市用地内在功能形态,功能组合模式和功能之间动态权衡的关键,具有重要的理论和实践意义,但长期以来并未构建一套可行的识别方法体系.本文从土地功能,生态系统服务和景观功能综合的视角构建城市生态--生产--生活空间功能分类体系,并以生态系统服务价值评估为基础系统整合空间功能价值量核算函数群,通过纵横对比的方法确定空间功能主导类型.研究区实证分析表明,城市生态--生产--生活功能分类体系较好反映了不同地类的功能类型;空间主导功能的识别也与不同地类的功能匹配;同时也发现三生空间的整体毗邻性较低,空间功能的互补和融合性较差的问题;三生空间功能存在一定的空间集聚性.     

ON THE RECENT MARINE BEDS,AND THE UNDERLYING FRESHWATER DEPOSITS,IN TIENTSIN By E.LICENT AND P.TEILHARD DE CHARDIN

Marine beds, containing numerous well preserved shells, are actuallyexposed in a broad pit recently open, one mile south from the Hoangho-PaihoMuseum (Race Course Road, Tientsin), in order to get the earth required forthe filling of some pools along the Race Course Road.     

Computation of Wave, Tide and Wind Current for the South China Sea Under Tropical Cyclones

Based on the third-generation oceanic wave prediction model (WAVEWATCH Ⅲ) ,the third-generation nearshore wave calculation model (SWAN) and the mathematical tide, tidal current and cyclone current model, which have been improved, interconnected and expanded, a coupled model of offshore wave, tide and sea current under tropical cyclone surges in the South China Sea has been established. The coupled model is driven by the tropical cyclone field containing the background wind field. In order to test the hindcasting effect of the mathematical model, a comparison has been made between the calculated results and the observational results of waves of 15 cyclone cases, water levels and current velocities of the of 7 cyclones. The results of verification indicate that the calculated and observed results are basically identical.     

南海北部冬、夏季浮游群落呼吸率

Plankton respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle and significantly affects the balance of autotrophic assimilation and heterotrophic production in oceanic ecosystems. In the present study, respiration rates of the euphotic zone plankton community(CR_(eu)), size fractionated chlorophyll a concentration(Chl a), bacterial abundance(BAC), and dissolved oxygen concentration(DO) were investigated during winter and summer in the northern South China Sea(n SCS). The results show that there were obvious spatial and temporal variations in CR_(eu) in the n SCS(ranging from 0.03 to 1.10 μmol/(L·h)), CR_(eu) in winter((0.53±0.27) μmol/(L·h)) was two times higher than that in summer((0.26±0.20) μmol/(L·h)), and decreased gradually from the coastal zone to the open sea. The distribution of CR_(eu) was affected by coupled physical-chemical-biological processes, driven by monsoon events. The results also show that CR_(eu) was positively correlated with Chl a, BAC, and DO, and that BAC contributed the highest CR_(eu) variability. Furthermore, the results of the stepwise multiple linear regression suggest that bacteria and phytoplankton were the dominant factors in determining CR_(eu)(R~2 = 0.82, p0.05) in the n SCS. Based on this relationship, we estimated the integrated water column respiration rate(CRint) within 100 m of the investigated area, and found that the relationship between the biomass of the plankton community and respiration may be nonlinear in the water column.     

我国东北地区海洋经济的区域协同发展

为推动我国振兴东北老工业基地战略,充分发挥我国东北地区面向海洋的区位优势,加快区域经济的发展和繁荣,文章从基础条件、空间布局和实施重点3个方面,分析我国东北地区海洋经济的区域协同发展战略。研究结果表明:辽宁省是海洋经济大省,而在打破传统"沿海"观念的基础上发展吉林省和黑龙江省的毗海经济和向海经济,有利于辽宁省海洋产业的转型升级和整个东北地区海洋经济的区域协同发展,俄罗斯远东发展战略与我国振兴东北老工业基地战略也为此创造了环境和机遇;我国东北地区海洋经济区域协同发展的空间布局为"一轴一带两区",其中"一轴"为大连至佳木斯的铁路通道,"一带"和"两区"分别为辽宁沿海经济带、延边州海洋经济区和绥芬河海洋经济区,各地发挥各自的区位和产业优势,科学布局海洋产业,形成集聚、辐射和带动力量;我国东北地区应大力推动海洋经济一体化、资源配置市场化、对外开放国际化和科学技术创新化,从而实现海洋经济的区域协同发展。     

城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究进展

城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究是国际人地系统研究的前沿和热点领域,对于如何协调中国城镇化与生态环境的关系问题也具有重要的参考价值。本文紧扣城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究主题,在对国际研究进行梳理的基础上,集中从城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系理论、方法以及关键应用领域三个方面,对城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系研究国际前沿与进展进行评述。分析发现,国际上近远程耦合概念提出时间不长,其理论的完备性与系统性尚显薄弱,对实证研究统领性指导还略显不足。而从其他研究视角出发,国际上对互为远端的人地系统间关联现象进行了大量研究,实证内容充足,内涵丰富。展望未来,关注城市群地区城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合关系、挖掘城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合主导路径与动态演变特征、加强中国城镇化与生态环境近远程耦合理论研究,是推动中国城镇化与生态环境耦合研究迈向新的发展阶段的重要方向。     

中国建设用地扩张对景观格局演化的影响

探索建设用地扩张对景观格局变化的影响机理是理解人类活动对生态系统功能、格局和过程变化影响机制的关键。但中国全国尺度建设用地扩张过程对景观格局演化的影响研究明显不足。基于此,突破传统行政区划单元的分析方法,以覆盖全国的10 km格网为基本单元,基于1975-2014年建成区比率数据来表征建设用地扩张水平,运用同期土地利用数据计算相应的景观指数,定量刻画了建设用地扩张及景观格局的时空演化过程,并运用空间计量经济模型定量解析了建设用地扩张过程对景观格局演化的影响效应。同时,基于全样本、不同时间点、不同规模城市和不同区域城市的对比揭示建设用地扩张过程对景观格局演化影响的时空差异性。研究结果表明：40年间建成区比率值增长了3倍,高于同期的人口城镇化增长水平,东、中和西部间呈现出显著的梯度差异性,而且差异程度逐步增加,大、中、小城市之间的差异也较为显著。1975-1990年、1990-2000年和2000-2014年3个时间段的年均增速分别为5.87%、2.32%和2.32%。景观格局总体上也经历了显著变化,优势景观类型的主导性逐步降低,景观格局趋于破碎化,复杂度增强,邻近度趋于离散,聚集度逐步降低,结合度渐高,景观多样性和均匀度均有所提高。随着建设用地扩张水平的提高,景观越来越趋于破碎化,人类活动对景观的干扰强度和频率也不断增强。例如,建设用地扩张水平每提高1%将导致景观斑块数量提高0.45%左右。但是建设用地扩张水平与景观复杂度的变化在空间上存在错位。建设用地扩张水平的提高在一定程度上使同类型斑块间的距离变近,景观聚集度出现降低趋势,景观越来越呈现多种要素的密集格局,斑块聚合和集群性增强,相应的结合度也越来越高,景观均衡化趋势和均匀分布越来越明显。同时发现,不同规模城市和不同区域的影响差异显著,除地理区位因素差异性不显著外,其他控制要素也对景观格局演化具有差别化的影响。     

Evaluation of the eco-efficiency of four major urban agglomerations in coastal eastern China

Urban agglomerations in China have become the strategic core of national economic development and the main component of the new type of urbanization. However, they are threatened by a series of eco-environmental problems and challenges, including the severe overexploitation of natural resources. Eco-efficiency, which is defined as accomplishing the greatest possible economic benefit with the least possible resource input and damage to the environment, is used as an indicator to quantify the sustainability of urban agglomerations. In this work, a traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) model with a slack-based measurement (SBM) model of undesirable outputs, was used to assess and compare the economic efficiency and eco-efficiency of four major urban agglomerations in eastern China (UAECs) in 2005, 2011, and 2014. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the evolution of urban agglomerations were analyzed. Based on the results of a slack analysis, suggestions for improving the eco-efficiency of the four UAECs are provided. The overall economic efficiency of urban agglomerations located in the Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta displayed a V-shaped pattern (decreased and then increased). In contrast, the overall economic efficiency of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration declined during the study period. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration had a considerable loss of economic efficiency due to pollution, whereas the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration was less impacted. Overall, the eco-environmental efficiency of the four UAECs declined from 2005 to 2011 and then increased from 2011 to 2014. In addition, the urban eco-efficiency in the four coastal UAECs was characterized by different evolution patterns. The eco-efficiency was higher in the peri-urban areas of the core cities, riverside areas, and seaside areas and lower in the inland cities. The core cities of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations were characterized by high resource consumption, economic benefit output, and eco-efficiency. In most of cities in the urban agglomerations, the emission of pollutants declined, leading to a reduction of pollutants and mitigation of environmental problems. In addition, a differential analysis, from the perspective of urban agglomeration, was performed, and concrete suggestions for improvement are proposed.

     

井间电阻率层析成象的几个问题研究

井间电阻率层析成象是一种较新的高精度电法勘探方法，尚有许多问题需要探讨。本文针对平滑度约束反演算法，研究了平滑因子及迭代次数对成象结果的影响，给出了约束条件的施加方法。